vitalic sprinceana
08-21-2007, 01:02 PM
recapitulate de USA TODAY (http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/top25-science.htm).
1Accelerating universe (1998)
Exploding stars, receding at an ever-faster pace, stunned scientists by showing that an anti-gravity effect is relentlessly expanding the universe. This expansion still defies explanation.
2Human genome (1999)
Competing public and private teams declared victory in mapping human DNA’s 24,000 or so genes, ushering in a coming era of gene-based medicine.
http://i.usatoday.net/news/graphics/top25/week22/images/3.jpgReuters
3Climate accord (2001-2007)
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change went from finding global warming “very likely” to “unequivocal,” a view that coincides with growing public acceptance.
http://i.usatoday.net/news/graphics/top25/week22/images/4.jpgNASA via AP
4Hubble launched (1990)
The Hubble space telescope overcame early mirror distortions to become astronomy’s most productive observatory and a symbol of scientific achievement.
5Big Bang fingerprinted (1992)
NASA’s Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) probe mapped the fiery Big Bang’s aftermath, detecting hot spots in the early universe that coalesced into galaxies.
http://i.usatoday.net/news/graphics/top25/week22/images/6.jpgMike Groll, AP
6DNA fingerprinting (1985)
Sir Alec Jeffreys at the United Kingdom’s University of Leicester announced a method of identifying individuals based only on their DNA, now a fundamental forensics tool. Made famous by television’s CSI series, DNA fingerprinting has been used to imprison many convicts, and free others, raising questions about the justice system in its wake.
http://i.usatoday.net/news/graphics/top25/week22/images/7.jpgHandout
7Hello Dolly! (1996)
Ian Wilmut of Scotland’s Roslin Institute led the team behind the birth of the first cloned mammal, a sheep named Dolly, preceding horses, bulls, dogs and others.
8 Worldwide Web (1989)
Physicist Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in Switzerland unveils a method to link pages through the Internet as a way to share research. And now everything else.
http://i.usatoday.net/news/graphics/top25/week22/images/9.jpgHandout
9Ozone unmasked (1987)
High over Antarctica, NASA scientists confirmed that chlorofluorocarbons — aerosols and refrigerants — were eating stratospheric ozone; a ban promises recovery for this layer of protection from the sun’s ultraviolet rays.
http://i.usatoday.net/news/graphics/top25/week22/images/10.jpgAFP/Getty Images
10Extrasolar planets (1995)
Swiss astronomers Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz report the first detection of a planet, named 51 Pegasi B, orbiting a nearby sun-like star. Over 200 “exoplanets” are now known, including one found in a nearby star’s “habitable” zone.
http://i.usatoday.net/news/graphics/top25/week22/images/11.jpgMartin Oeser, AFP/Getty Images
11RNA interference (1998)
Working with worms, biologists Andrew Fire and Craig Mello report how RNA can selectively shut down genes, a dazzling research and medical tool.
12Top quark detected (1995)
Atom-smashing physicists at Fermilab, a federal research facility, detect the top quark, a long-sought sub-atomic particle. Confirmation of its existence cements the modern understanding of the structure of matter.
http://i.usatoday.net/news/graphics/top25/week22/images/13.jpgMiami Science Museum, AP
13Feathered dino found (1992)
U.S. and Chinese researchers find the remains of the first of many feathered-dinosaur fossils, confirming growing paleontological perception that birds are in fact, descended from dinosaurs.
http://i.usatoday.net/news/graphics/top25/week22/images/14.jpgNASA
14Pluto dethroned (2006)
The discovery of Eris, a frozen world larger and farther away than Pluto, spurs the International Astronomical Union to disown the ninth planet.
http://i.usatoday.net/news/graphics/top25/week22/images/15.jpgAP
15Embryonic stem cells (1997)
A University of Wisconsin team first isolates human embryonic stem cells, master cells that may one day be used to create rejection-free transplant tissues. Destruction of embryos to harvest the cells remains controversial.
http://i.usatoday.net/news/graphics/top25/week22/images/16.jpgNASA via AP
16Water on Mars (2000-2004)
Spurred by a Martian meteorite that might hold fossil bacteria, NASA revs up its Mars program, with satellite images and the rover, Opportunity, finding that salty seas once sat on the Red Planet.
http://i.usatoday.net/news/graphics/top25/week22/images/17.jpgHandout
17Oldest hominid (1994)
A 4.4 million-year-old Ethiopian fossil, Ardipithecus ramidus, presented by a University of California, Berkeley, team, predates all known human species.
http://i.usatoday.net/news/graphics/top25/week22/images/18.jpgCarolyn Kaster, AP
18Intelligent design suit (2005)
Reaching “the inescapable conclusion that ID (intelligent design) is an interesting theological argument, but that it is not science,” federal judge John Jones halts a Dover, Pa., school board’s bid to suggest to science students that an “intelligent designer” created life.
19Neutrino mass discovered (1998)
Measuring cosmic rays, U.S. and Japanese physicists show that neutrinos — elementary radioactive decay particles — have mass, contradicting a previous belief and offering a surprising hint about a new theory of matter in the universe. The find also spurs searches for leftover neutrinos from the Big Bang.
http://i.usatoday.net/news/graphics/top25/week22/images/20.jpgJohn McConnico, AP
20Abrupt climate change (1982-85)
Geologists and paleoclimatologists find evidence that sudden climate shifts, 60-degree temperature jumps and doubling of rainfall in some places, have occurred within the last 600 million years. Some worry manmade global warming will spark similar shifts.
http://i.usatoday.net/news/graphics/top25/week22/images/21.jpgHandout
21Neuroscience explodes (1990-present)
The “Decade of the Brain” premieres new imaging devices that reveal how the brain really works.
22Quantum teleportation (1998)
European researchers transfer — instantaneously and over distance — one light particle’s characteristics to another, opening a new secure method of communication.
23Evo devo (1999)
Evidence that evolution alters genes active in infancy to create novel physical structures in species coalesces into a new branch of biology.
http://i.usatoday.net/news/graphics/top25/week22/images/24.jpgNASA via AP
24Golden age of solar astronomy (1996)
The international Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) sun-watching satellites begin operations, opening up solar seismology and space weather forecasting.
http://i.usatoday.net/news/graphics/top25/week22/images/25.jpgArtistic rendering by Peter Schouten via AFP
25Hobbit discovered (2004)
Still controversial, the discovery on an Indonesian island of Homo floresiensis — an 18,000-year-old, pint-sized human species — by an Indonesian-Australian team stuns paleontologists because of the small brain size of these tool-using hunters.
Source: Compiled and written by William Keck, Karen Thomas, Donna Freydkin, Andrea Mandell, Ann Oldenburg, Lorena Blas, Robyn Abzug and Susan O’Brian. Photo research by Kevin Eans, USA TODAY.
varianta Cotidianul (http://www.cotidianul.ro/index.php?id=13312&art=34301&cHash=7a23b0b753)
Top 25 in stiinta ultimelor deceniiIonut Dulamita (http://www.cotidianul.ro/index.php?id=48&aut=301&cHash=3ae0a5feb8)
Aparut in editia din 21 August 2007
Cotidianul „USA Today“ include expansiunea universului, detronarea planetei Pluto sau „hobbitul“ de acum trei ani printre cele mai mari progrese ale stiintei.
http://www.cotidianul.ro/fileadmin/2007/August/ed667/24_1.jpg „In 1982, genomul uman era o fantezie stiintifico-fantastica, iar naveta spatiala facea parte din stiinta de avangarda. De atunci, domeniul stiintei s-a extins foarte mult in viata de zi cu zi, aducindu-ne telefoane mobile, web browsing si promisiunea unei comori biotehnologice“, isi anunta publicatia americana topul marilor puncte de rascruce in evolutia lumii, realizat cu ajutorul unor observatori stiintifici cu vechime. „USA Today“ implineste 25 de ani pe 15 septembrie, motiv pentru care prezinta, timp de 25 de saptamini, topuri ce revizuiesc intimplarile din sfertul de secol trecut.
Expansiunea universului gratie unui efect antigravitatie, aflata pe primul loc al clasamentului si observata in 1998, a uluit oamenii de stiinta, care inca nu pot sa-si explice acest fenomen. Genomul uman a adus o alta victorie omenirii un an mai tirziu, cind echipe de cercetatori aflate in competitie au reusit sa intocmeasca harta celor 24.000 de gene ale ADN-ului uman, fixind o noua era in medicina. Acordul asupra climatului (2001-2007) urmeaza in top. Comitetul Interguvernamental pentru Schimbari Climatice a trecut de la a considera incalzirea globala „foarte probabila“ la a o cataloga „fara echivoc“, acceptie adoptata si de public. Lansarea telescopului Hubble in 1990, care a invins distorsiunile de la inceput si s-a preschimbat in cea mai productiva arma a observatiei astronomice, a fost un alt moment de rascruce. La fel ca schitarea consecintelor Big Bangului, in 1992, de catre sonda Cosmic Background Explorer de la NASA.
Metoda amprentarii indivizilor pe baza de ADN, a sasea in top si anuntata in 1985 de catre Sir Alec Jeffreys de la Universitatea din Leicester, Marea Britanie, a inchis multi oameni si i-a eliberat pe altii, devenind un fundament in munca de detectiv. Urmeaza pe lista clonarea primului mamifer (1996), oaia Dolly, de catre scotienii de la Roslin Institute, plamadirea worldwide webului in 1989 de catre fizicianul Tim Berners-Lee si demascarea NASA, in 1987, a aerosolilor si a refrigerentilor care se infrupta din stratul de ozon, deasupra Antarcticii. Pe locul zece este clasata detectarea in 1995 a primei planete, botezata „51 Pegasi“, care graviteaza in jurul unei alte stele decit Soarele. Acum sint cunoscute peste 200 de planete extrasolare. In 1998, lucrind cu viermi, biologii Andrew Fire si Craig Mello dadeau de veste ca acidul ribonucleic (ARN) poate decupla gene selectiv, piatra de hotar in lumea geneticii, iar in 1995 a fost detectat un alt tip de quark (microparticula): „quarkul top“, a carui existenta cimenteaza intelegerea moderna a structurii materiei.
http://www.cotidianul.ro/fileadmin/2007/August/ed667/24_2.jpgCercetatorii americani si chinezi gasesc in 1992 primele ramasite ale unui dinozaur inaripat, confirmind perceptia ca pasarile sint, de fapt, urmasii vechilor locuitori ai planetei. Pe locurile 13, 14 si 15 sint „retrogradarea“ lui Pluto in divizia „planetelor pitice“ (2006), punerea la pastrare pentru prima oara a celulelor stem embrionice, care ar putea revolutiona lumea transplanturilor, si descoperirea faptului ca pe Marte se intindeau odinioara mari sarate (2000-2004), in cadrul programului NASA pe Planeta Rosie. Urmeaza dezgroparea in 1994 a celui mai vechi hominid, Ardipithecus ramidus, o fosila etiopiana veche de 4,4 milioane de ani, care preceda toate speciile umane cunoscute, dar si „procesul Dover“, din 2005, cind un judecator federal din State a respins intentia unei scoli de a introduce teoria designului inteligent (potrivit careia lumea a fost creata de o fiinta mai „inteligenta“ decit oamenii) in cadrul programei de stiinta.
Masurind razele cosmice, fizicienii arata ca neutrinii (particule elementare radioactive care se descompun) au masa, oferind un indiciu pretios pentru o noua teorie a materiei in univers si dind startul unei cautari dupa neutrinii ramasi in urma Big Bangului. Pe locul 20 se afla descoperirea intre 1982 si 1985 a faptului ca schimbari bruste de climat, salturi de temperatura de 69 de grade si dublarea cantitatii de precipitatii in unele locuri s-au petrecut in ultimele 600 de milioane de ani. Topul „USA Today“ continua cu explozia stiintei creierului, inceputa in 1990, teleportarea cuantica, cu debutul in 1998, prin care caracteristicile unei particule de lumina au fost transferate alteia, si dovezile ca evolutia modifica genele active in copilarie pentru a crea noi structuri fiziologice la anumite specii. Pe penultimul loc se afla virsta de aur a observatiilor astronomice solare. In 1996, observatorul SOHO si-a inceput prognozele in ce priveste vremea spatiala si seismologia solara. Descoperirea „hobbitului“ in 2004, mai precis a unei fosile umane de dimensiuni foarte mici, veche de 18.000 de ani, ocupa treapta 25 a topului.
1Accelerating universe (1998)
Exploding stars, receding at an ever-faster pace, stunned scientists by showing that an anti-gravity effect is relentlessly expanding the universe. This expansion still defies explanation.
2Human genome (1999)
Competing public and private teams declared victory in mapping human DNA’s 24,000 or so genes, ushering in a coming era of gene-based medicine.
http://i.usatoday.net/news/graphics/top25/week22/images/3.jpgReuters
3Climate accord (2001-2007)
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change went from finding global warming “very likely” to “unequivocal,” a view that coincides with growing public acceptance.
http://i.usatoday.net/news/graphics/top25/week22/images/4.jpgNASA via AP
4Hubble launched (1990)
The Hubble space telescope overcame early mirror distortions to become astronomy’s most productive observatory and a symbol of scientific achievement.
5Big Bang fingerprinted (1992)
NASA’s Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) probe mapped the fiery Big Bang’s aftermath, detecting hot spots in the early universe that coalesced into galaxies.
http://i.usatoday.net/news/graphics/top25/week22/images/6.jpgMike Groll, AP
6DNA fingerprinting (1985)
Sir Alec Jeffreys at the United Kingdom’s University of Leicester announced a method of identifying individuals based only on their DNA, now a fundamental forensics tool. Made famous by television’s CSI series, DNA fingerprinting has been used to imprison many convicts, and free others, raising questions about the justice system in its wake.
http://i.usatoday.net/news/graphics/top25/week22/images/7.jpgHandout
7Hello Dolly! (1996)
Ian Wilmut of Scotland’s Roslin Institute led the team behind the birth of the first cloned mammal, a sheep named Dolly, preceding horses, bulls, dogs and others.
8 Worldwide Web (1989)
Physicist Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in Switzerland unveils a method to link pages through the Internet as a way to share research. And now everything else.
http://i.usatoday.net/news/graphics/top25/week22/images/9.jpgHandout
9Ozone unmasked (1987)
High over Antarctica, NASA scientists confirmed that chlorofluorocarbons — aerosols and refrigerants — were eating stratospheric ozone; a ban promises recovery for this layer of protection from the sun’s ultraviolet rays.
http://i.usatoday.net/news/graphics/top25/week22/images/10.jpgAFP/Getty Images
10Extrasolar planets (1995)
Swiss astronomers Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz report the first detection of a planet, named 51 Pegasi B, orbiting a nearby sun-like star. Over 200 “exoplanets” are now known, including one found in a nearby star’s “habitable” zone.
http://i.usatoday.net/news/graphics/top25/week22/images/11.jpgMartin Oeser, AFP/Getty Images
11RNA interference (1998)
Working with worms, biologists Andrew Fire and Craig Mello report how RNA can selectively shut down genes, a dazzling research and medical tool.
12Top quark detected (1995)
Atom-smashing physicists at Fermilab, a federal research facility, detect the top quark, a long-sought sub-atomic particle. Confirmation of its existence cements the modern understanding of the structure of matter.
http://i.usatoday.net/news/graphics/top25/week22/images/13.jpgMiami Science Museum, AP
13Feathered dino found (1992)
U.S. and Chinese researchers find the remains of the first of many feathered-dinosaur fossils, confirming growing paleontological perception that birds are in fact, descended from dinosaurs.
http://i.usatoday.net/news/graphics/top25/week22/images/14.jpgNASA
14Pluto dethroned (2006)
The discovery of Eris, a frozen world larger and farther away than Pluto, spurs the International Astronomical Union to disown the ninth planet.
http://i.usatoday.net/news/graphics/top25/week22/images/15.jpgAP
15Embryonic stem cells (1997)
A University of Wisconsin team first isolates human embryonic stem cells, master cells that may one day be used to create rejection-free transplant tissues. Destruction of embryos to harvest the cells remains controversial.
http://i.usatoday.net/news/graphics/top25/week22/images/16.jpgNASA via AP
16Water on Mars (2000-2004)
Spurred by a Martian meteorite that might hold fossil bacteria, NASA revs up its Mars program, with satellite images and the rover, Opportunity, finding that salty seas once sat on the Red Planet.
http://i.usatoday.net/news/graphics/top25/week22/images/17.jpgHandout
17Oldest hominid (1994)
A 4.4 million-year-old Ethiopian fossil, Ardipithecus ramidus, presented by a University of California, Berkeley, team, predates all known human species.
http://i.usatoday.net/news/graphics/top25/week22/images/18.jpgCarolyn Kaster, AP
18Intelligent design suit (2005)
Reaching “the inescapable conclusion that ID (intelligent design) is an interesting theological argument, but that it is not science,” federal judge John Jones halts a Dover, Pa., school board’s bid to suggest to science students that an “intelligent designer” created life.
19Neutrino mass discovered (1998)
Measuring cosmic rays, U.S. and Japanese physicists show that neutrinos — elementary radioactive decay particles — have mass, contradicting a previous belief and offering a surprising hint about a new theory of matter in the universe. The find also spurs searches for leftover neutrinos from the Big Bang.
http://i.usatoday.net/news/graphics/top25/week22/images/20.jpgJohn McConnico, AP
20Abrupt climate change (1982-85)
Geologists and paleoclimatologists find evidence that sudden climate shifts, 60-degree temperature jumps and doubling of rainfall in some places, have occurred within the last 600 million years. Some worry manmade global warming will spark similar shifts.
http://i.usatoday.net/news/graphics/top25/week22/images/21.jpgHandout
21Neuroscience explodes (1990-present)
The “Decade of the Brain” premieres new imaging devices that reveal how the brain really works.
22Quantum teleportation (1998)
European researchers transfer — instantaneously and over distance — one light particle’s characteristics to another, opening a new secure method of communication.
23Evo devo (1999)
Evidence that evolution alters genes active in infancy to create novel physical structures in species coalesces into a new branch of biology.
http://i.usatoday.net/news/graphics/top25/week22/images/24.jpgNASA via AP
24Golden age of solar astronomy (1996)
The international Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) sun-watching satellites begin operations, opening up solar seismology and space weather forecasting.
http://i.usatoday.net/news/graphics/top25/week22/images/25.jpgArtistic rendering by Peter Schouten via AFP
25Hobbit discovered (2004)
Still controversial, the discovery on an Indonesian island of Homo floresiensis — an 18,000-year-old, pint-sized human species — by an Indonesian-Australian team stuns paleontologists because of the small brain size of these tool-using hunters.
Source: Compiled and written by William Keck, Karen Thomas, Donna Freydkin, Andrea Mandell, Ann Oldenburg, Lorena Blas, Robyn Abzug and Susan O’Brian. Photo research by Kevin Eans, USA TODAY.
varianta Cotidianul (http://www.cotidianul.ro/index.php?id=13312&art=34301&cHash=7a23b0b753)
Top 25 in stiinta ultimelor deceniiIonut Dulamita (http://www.cotidianul.ro/index.php?id=48&aut=301&cHash=3ae0a5feb8)
Aparut in editia din 21 August 2007
Cotidianul „USA Today“ include expansiunea universului, detronarea planetei Pluto sau „hobbitul“ de acum trei ani printre cele mai mari progrese ale stiintei.
http://www.cotidianul.ro/fileadmin/2007/August/ed667/24_1.jpg „In 1982, genomul uman era o fantezie stiintifico-fantastica, iar naveta spatiala facea parte din stiinta de avangarda. De atunci, domeniul stiintei s-a extins foarte mult in viata de zi cu zi, aducindu-ne telefoane mobile, web browsing si promisiunea unei comori biotehnologice“, isi anunta publicatia americana topul marilor puncte de rascruce in evolutia lumii, realizat cu ajutorul unor observatori stiintifici cu vechime. „USA Today“ implineste 25 de ani pe 15 septembrie, motiv pentru care prezinta, timp de 25 de saptamini, topuri ce revizuiesc intimplarile din sfertul de secol trecut.
Expansiunea universului gratie unui efect antigravitatie, aflata pe primul loc al clasamentului si observata in 1998, a uluit oamenii de stiinta, care inca nu pot sa-si explice acest fenomen. Genomul uman a adus o alta victorie omenirii un an mai tirziu, cind echipe de cercetatori aflate in competitie au reusit sa intocmeasca harta celor 24.000 de gene ale ADN-ului uman, fixind o noua era in medicina. Acordul asupra climatului (2001-2007) urmeaza in top. Comitetul Interguvernamental pentru Schimbari Climatice a trecut de la a considera incalzirea globala „foarte probabila“ la a o cataloga „fara echivoc“, acceptie adoptata si de public. Lansarea telescopului Hubble in 1990, care a invins distorsiunile de la inceput si s-a preschimbat in cea mai productiva arma a observatiei astronomice, a fost un alt moment de rascruce. La fel ca schitarea consecintelor Big Bangului, in 1992, de catre sonda Cosmic Background Explorer de la NASA.
Metoda amprentarii indivizilor pe baza de ADN, a sasea in top si anuntata in 1985 de catre Sir Alec Jeffreys de la Universitatea din Leicester, Marea Britanie, a inchis multi oameni si i-a eliberat pe altii, devenind un fundament in munca de detectiv. Urmeaza pe lista clonarea primului mamifer (1996), oaia Dolly, de catre scotienii de la Roslin Institute, plamadirea worldwide webului in 1989 de catre fizicianul Tim Berners-Lee si demascarea NASA, in 1987, a aerosolilor si a refrigerentilor care se infrupta din stratul de ozon, deasupra Antarcticii. Pe locul zece este clasata detectarea in 1995 a primei planete, botezata „51 Pegasi“, care graviteaza in jurul unei alte stele decit Soarele. Acum sint cunoscute peste 200 de planete extrasolare. In 1998, lucrind cu viermi, biologii Andrew Fire si Craig Mello dadeau de veste ca acidul ribonucleic (ARN) poate decupla gene selectiv, piatra de hotar in lumea geneticii, iar in 1995 a fost detectat un alt tip de quark (microparticula): „quarkul top“, a carui existenta cimenteaza intelegerea moderna a structurii materiei.
http://www.cotidianul.ro/fileadmin/2007/August/ed667/24_2.jpgCercetatorii americani si chinezi gasesc in 1992 primele ramasite ale unui dinozaur inaripat, confirmind perceptia ca pasarile sint, de fapt, urmasii vechilor locuitori ai planetei. Pe locurile 13, 14 si 15 sint „retrogradarea“ lui Pluto in divizia „planetelor pitice“ (2006), punerea la pastrare pentru prima oara a celulelor stem embrionice, care ar putea revolutiona lumea transplanturilor, si descoperirea faptului ca pe Marte se intindeau odinioara mari sarate (2000-2004), in cadrul programului NASA pe Planeta Rosie. Urmeaza dezgroparea in 1994 a celui mai vechi hominid, Ardipithecus ramidus, o fosila etiopiana veche de 4,4 milioane de ani, care preceda toate speciile umane cunoscute, dar si „procesul Dover“, din 2005, cind un judecator federal din State a respins intentia unei scoli de a introduce teoria designului inteligent (potrivit careia lumea a fost creata de o fiinta mai „inteligenta“ decit oamenii) in cadrul programei de stiinta.
Masurind razele cosmice, fizicienii arata ca neutrinii (particule elementare radioactive care se descompun) au masa, oferind un indiciu pretios pentru o noua teorie a materiei in univers si dind startul unei cautari dupa neutrinii ramasi in urma Big Bangului. Pe locul 20 se afla descoperirea intre 1982 si 1985 a faptului ca schimbari bruste de climat, salturi de temperatura de 69 de grade si dublarea cantitatii de precipitatii in unele locuri s-au petrecut in ultimele 600 de milioane de ani. Topul „USA Today“ continua cu explozia stiintei creierului, inceputa in 1990, teleportarea cuantica, cu debutul in 1998, prin care caracteristicile unei particule de lumina au fost transferate alteia, si dovezile ca evolutia modifica genele active in copilarie pentru a crea noi structuri fiziologice la anumite specii. Pe penultimul loc se afla virsta de aur a observatiilor astronomice solare. In 1996, observatorul SOHO si-a inceput prognozele in ce priveste vremea spatiala si seismologia solara. Descoperirea „hobbitului“ in 2004, mai precis a unei fosile umane de dimensiuni foarte mici, veche de 18.000 de ani, ocupa treapta 25 a topului.